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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Processes</a></li>
<li><a href="Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>
<li><a href="Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li>
<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li>
<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li>
<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li>
<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">ASD</a></li>
<li><a href="Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">DAD</a></li>
<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>
<li><a href="Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">DSDM</a></li>
<li><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">IID</a></li>
<li><a href="Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li>
<li><a href="Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean SD</a></li>
<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)#Large-scale_Scrum" title="Scrum (software development)">LeSS</a></li>
<li><a href="Model-driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-driven development">MDD</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Solutions_Framework" title="Microsoft Solutions Framework">MSF</a></li>
<li><a href="Personal_software_process" title="Personal software process">PSP</a></li>
<li><a href="Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li>
<li><a href="Rational_unified_process" title="Rational unified process">RUP</a></li>
<li><a href="Scaled_agile_framework" title="Scaled agile framework">SAFe</a></li>
<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>
<li><a href="SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li>
<li><a href="Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li>
<li><a href="Team_software_process" title="Team software process">TSP</a></li>
<li><a href="Unified_process" title="Unified process">UP</a></li>
<li><a href="Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li>
<li><a href="Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management">Deployment management</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li>
<li><a href="User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Acceptance_test-driven_development" title="Acceptance test-driven development">ATDD</a></li>
<li><a href="Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">BDD</a></li>
<li><a href="Extreme_programming_practices#Collective_code_ownership" title="Extreme programming practices">CCO</a></li>
<li><a href="Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">CD</a></li>
<li><a href="Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">CI</a></li>
<li><a href="Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">DDD</a></li>
<li><a href="Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">PP</a></li>
<li><a href="Specification_by_example" title="Specification by example">SBE</a></li>
<li><a href="Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li>
<li><a href="Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li>
<li><a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li>
<li><a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li>
<li><a href="Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI builder</a></li>
<li><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></li>
<li><a href="Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li>
<li><a href="Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li>
<li><a href="Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li>
<li><a href="UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li>
<li><a href="IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a></li>
<li><a href="ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a></li>
<li><a href="ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li>
<li><a href="ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a></li>
<li><a href="Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li>
<li><a href="Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<p><b>Feature-driven development</b> (<b>FDD</b>) is an <a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">iterative and incremental</a> <a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development process</a>. It is a <a href="Lightweight_methodology" title="Lightweight methodology">lightweight</a> or <a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile method</a> for developing <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a>. FDD blends several <a href="Feature_Driven_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature Driven Development">best practices</a> into a cohesive whole. These practices are driven from the perspective of delivering functionality (<a href="Feature_(software_design)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature (software design)">features</a>) valued by the client.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main purpose is to deliver tangible, working software repeatedly in a timely manner in accordance with the Principles behind the <a href="Agile_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Agile Manifesto">agile manifesto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>FDD was initially devised by <a href="Jeff_De_Luca" title="Jeff De Luca">Jeff De Luca</a> to meet the specific needs of a 15-month, 50-person software development project at a large <a href="Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> bank in 1997. This resulted in a set of five processes that covered the development of an overall model and the listing, planning, design, and building of features. The first process is heavily influenced by <a href="Peter_Coad" title="Peter Coad">Peter Coad</a>'s approach to <a href="Object_oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object oriented design">object modeling</a>. The second process incorporates Coad's ideas of using a feature list to manage functional requirements and development tasks. The other processes are a result of Jeff De Luca's experience. There have been several implementations of FDD since its successful use on the Singapore project.
</p><p>The description of FDD was first introduced to the world in Chapter 6 of the book <i>Java modelling in Color with UML</i><sup class=" nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Coad"><a class="external autonumber external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature-driven_development#endnote_Coad">[1]</a></sup> by Peter Coad, <a href="Eric_Lefebvre" title="Eric Lefebvre">Eric Lefebvre</a>, and Jeff De Luca in 1999. Later, in Stephen Palmer and Mac Felsing's book <i>A Practical Guide to Feature-Driven Development</i><sup class=" nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Palmer"><a class="external autonumber external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature-driven_development#endnote_Palmer">[2]</a></sup> (published in 2002), a more general description of FDD was given decoupled from Java modelling.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>
<p>FDD is a model-driven short-iteration process that consists of five basic activities. For accurate state reporting and keeping track of the software development project, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Milestones">milestones</a> that mark the progress made on each feature are defined. This section gives a high-level overview of the activities. In the figure on the right, the <a href="Meta-Process_Modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-Process Modeling">meta-process model</a> for these activities is displayed. During the first two sequential activities, an <a href="#Develop_overall_model">overall model</a> shape is established. The final three activities are <a href="Iteration" title="Iteration">iterated</a> for each feature.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Develop_overall_model">Develop overall model</h3></div>
<p>The FDD project starts with a high-level <a href="Software_walkthrough" title="Software walkthrough">walkthrough</a> of the scope of the system and its context. Next, detailed domain models are created for each modelling area by small groups and presented for <a href="Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>. One or more of the proposed models are selected to become the model for each domain area. Domain area models are progressively merged into an overall model.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Build_feature_list">Build feature list</h3></div>
<p>Knowledge gathered during the initial modeling is used to identify a list of features by functionally decomposing the domain into subject areas. Subject areas each contain business activities, and the steps within each business activity form the basis for a categorized feature list. Features in this respect are small pieces of client-valued functions expressed in the form "<action> <result> <object>", for example: 'Calculate the total of a sale' or 'Validate the password of a user'. Features should not take more than two weeks to complete, else they should be broken down into smaller pieces.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_by_feature">Plan by feature</h3></div>
<p>After the feature list is completed, the next step is to produce the development plan and assign ownership of features (or feature sets) as <a href="Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a> to <a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">programmers</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_by_feature">Design by feature</h3></div>
<p>A design package is produced for each feature. A chief programmer selects a small group of features that are to be developed within two weeks. Together with the corresponding class owners, the chief programmer works out detailed <a href="Sequence_diagrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequence diagrams">sequence diagrams</a> for each feature and refines the overall model. Next, the class and method prologues are written, and finally a <a href="Software_inspection" title="Software inspection">design inspection</a> is held.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Build_by_feature">Build by feature</h3></div>
<p>After a successful design inspection for each activity to produce a feature is planned, the class owners develop code for their classes. After <a href="Unit_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit test">unit testing</a> and successful <a href="Code_review" title="Code review">code inspection</a>, the completed feature is promoted to the main build.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Milestones">Milestones</h2></div>
<p>Since features are small, completing a feature is a relatively small task. For accurate state reporting and keeping track of the software development project, it is important to mark the progress made on each feature. FDD therefore defines six milestones per feature that are to be completed sequentially. The first three milestones are completed during the <a href="#Design_by_feature">Design By Feature</a> activity, and the last three are completed during the <a href="#Build_by_feature">Build By Feature</a> activity. To track progress, a percentage complete is assigned to each milestone. In the table below the milestones and their completion percentage are shown. At the point that coding begins, a feature is already 44% complete (Domain Walkthrough 1%, Design 40% and Design Inspection 3% = 44%).
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Table 1: Milestones
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Domain Walkthrough
</th>
<th>Design
</th>
<th>Design Inspection
</th>
<th>Code
</th>
<th>Code Inspection
</th>
<th>Promote To Build
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1%
</td>
<td>40%
</td>
<td>3%
</td>
<td>45%
</td>
<td>10%
</td>
<td>1%
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Best_practices">Best practices</h2></div>
<p>Feature-driven development is built on a core set of <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> <a href="Best_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Best practices">best practices</a> aimed at a client-valued feature perspective.
</p>
<ul><li><b>Domain object modelling</b>. Domain object modeling consists of exploring and explaining the domain of the problem to be solved. The resulting domain object model provides an overall framework in which to add features.</li>
<li><b>Developing by feature</b>. Any function that is too complex to be implemented within two weeks is further decomposed into smaller functions until each sub-problem is small enough to be called a feature. This makes it easier to deliver correct functions and to extend or modify the system.</li>
<li><b>Individual class ownership</b> (<a href="Code_ownership" title="Code ownership">code ownership</a>). Individual class ownership means that distinct pieces or grouping of code are assigned to a single owner. The owner is responsible for the consistency, performance, and conceptual integrity of the class.</li>
<li><b>Feature teams</b>. A feature team is a small, dynamically formed team that develops a small activity. Multiple minds are always applied to each design decision, and multiple design options are evaluated before one is chosen.</li>
<li><b>Inspections</b>. <a href="Software_inspection" title="Software inspection">Inspections</a> are carried out to ensure good quality design and code primarily by the detection of defects.</li>
<li><b>Configuration management</b>. Configuration management helps with identifying the source code for all features that have been completed to date and maintaining a history of changes to classes as feature teams enhance them.</li>
<li><b>Regular builds</b>. Regular builds ensure there is always an up-to-date system that can be demonstrated to the client and help highlight integration errors of source code for the features early.</li>
<li><b>Visibility of progress and results</b>. Managers steer a project using frequent, appropriate, and accurate progress reporting from all levels inside and outside the project based on completed work.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metamodel_(Metamodelling)">Metamodel (Metamodelling)</h2></div>
<p><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodelling</a> helps visualize both the processes and the data of a <a href="Method_(software_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (software engineering)">method</a>. This allows methods to be compared, and method fragments in the <a href="Method_engineering" title="Method engineering">method engineering</a> process can easily be reused. The usage of this technique is consistent with <a href="Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a> standards.
</p><p>The left side of the metadata model shows the five basic activities involved in a software development project using FDD. The activities all contain sub-activities that corresponding to sub-activities in the FDD process description. The right side of the model shows the concepts involved. These concepts originate from the activities depicted in the left side of the diagram.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile software development</a></li>
<li><a href="Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">Behavior-driven development</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Project lifecycle">Project lifecycle</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFCadleAhmedBCS,_The_Chartered_Institute_for_IT2014" class="citation book cs1">Cadle, James; Ahmed, Tahir; BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, eds. (2014). <i>Developing information systems: practical guidance for IT professionals</i>. London: BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT. p. 99. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-78017-245-3</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agilemanifesto.org/principles.html">"Principles behind the Agile Manifesto"</a>. 2019-06-11.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<ul><li>1. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">
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.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}
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</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Coad"><b><a href="#ref_Coad">^</a></b></span> <a href="Peter_Coad" title="Peter Coad">Coad, P.</a>, <a href="Eric_Lefebvre" title="Eric Lefebvre">Lefebvre, E.</a> & <a href="Jeff_De_Luca" title="Jeff De Luca">De Luca, J.</a> (1999). <i>Java modelling In Color With UML: Enterprise Components and Process</i>. Prentice Hall International. (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-011510-X</bdi>)</li>
<li>2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Palmer"><b><a href="#ref_Palmer">^</a></b></span> Palmer, S.R., & Felsing, J.M. (2002). <i>A Practical Guide to Feature-Driven Development</i>. Prentice Hall. (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-067615-2</bdi>)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.featuredrivendevelopment.com/">Feature Driven Development Community</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nebulon.com/fdd/index.html">Nebulon FDD Page</a> - Nebulon is the consulting practice of Jeff De Luca</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sitepoint.com/article/successful-development">Successful Web Development Methodologies</a> - Use of FDD for Web Development projects</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodsandtools.com/archive/archive.php?id=19">Delivering Real Business Value using Feature Driven Development</a> - Article gives basic overview of FDD</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agilemodeling.com/essays/fdd.htm">FDD and Agile modelling</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102073447/http://www.bettersoftwarefaster.com/index.htm">Better Software Faster</a> - Another book in the Coad Series referencing Feature Driven Development. Authors Andy Carmichael and Dan Haywood <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-008752-1</bdi></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.se-radio.net/2008/01/episode-83-jeff-deluca-on-feature-driven-development/">Interview with FDD-Creator Jeff DeLuca</a> (Podcast)</li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_engineering336" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Software_engineering336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>
<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>
<li><a href="Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>
<li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li>
<li><a href="CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Compatibility</a>
<ul><li><a href="Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li>
<li><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li>
<li><a href="Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li>
<li><a href="Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li>
<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>
<li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>
<li><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li>
<li><a href="Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a>
<ul><li><a href="Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>
<li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li>
<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li>
<li><a href="Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>
<li><a href="Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li>
<li><a href="Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li>
<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li>
<li><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li>
<li><a href="Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li>
<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>
<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li>
<li><a href="Unified_process" title="Unified process">UP</a></li>
<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li>
<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li>
<li><a href="Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li>
<li><a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li>
<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li>
<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li>
<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li>
<li><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li>
<li><a href="Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li>
<li><a href="ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li>
<li><a href="View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li>
<li><a href="Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li>
<li><a href="Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification"> Requirements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">Functional requirement</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Capacity_planning" title="Capacity planning"> Capacity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Active_users" title="Active users"> Users</a></li>
<li><a href="Central_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Central processing units"> Compute</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory"> Memory</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></li>
<li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)"> Network</a></li>
<li><a href="Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">Web traffic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)"> Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="API" title="API">API</a></li>
<li><a href="SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a></li>
<li><a href="REST" title="REST">REST</a></li>
<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li>
<li><a href="GRPC" title="GRPC">gRPC</a></li>
<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)"> Client</a></li>
<li><a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)"> Load balancing</a></li>
<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a></li>
<li><a href="Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="System_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="System Integration"> Integration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration"> Vertical</a></li>
<li><a href="Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a></li>
<li><a href="API_management" title="API management"> API Gateway</a></li>
<li><a href="Publish%E2%80%93subscribe_pattern" title="Publish–subscribe pattern"> pub-sub</a></li>
<li><a href="Event_store" title="Event store"> Event Source</a></li>
<li><a href="Extract%2C_transform%2C_load" title="Extract, transform, load"> ETL</a></li>
<li><a href="Batch_processing" title="Batch processing"> Batch</a></li>
<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="Orchestration_(computing)" title="Orchestration (computing)"> Orchestration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Architectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectures">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Monolithic_application" title="Monolithic application"> Monolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a></li>
<li><a href="Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture"> Event-Driven</a></li>
<li><a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model"> Client–server</a></li>
<li><a href="Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing"> Serverless</a></li>
<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li>
<li><a href="Rate_limiting" title="Rate limiting">Rate limiting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database"> Relational</a></li>
<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>
<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database"> Graph</a></li>
<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database"> Key–value</a></li>
<li><a href="Log-structured_merge-tree" title="Log-structured merge-tree"> LSM Tree </a></li>
<li><a href="Time_series_database" title="Time series database"> Time series</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_orientation" title="Data orientation"> Column Oriented</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design"> Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Consistency_(database_systems)" title="Consistency (database systems)">Consistency</a></li>
<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li>
<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance"> Maintainability</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration"> Configurability</a></li>
<li><a href="Modularity" title="Modularity">Modularity</a></li>
<li><a href="Durability_(database_systems)" title="Durability (database systems)"> Durability</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Service_statelessness_principle" title="Service statelessness principle"> Stateless</a></li>
<li><a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">Asynchronous I/O</a></li>
<li><a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">Loose coupling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>
<li><a href="Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></li>
<li><a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li>
<li><a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)"> Replication</a></li>
<li><a href="Consistent_hashing" title="Consistent hashing">Consistent hashing</a></li>
<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">Latency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)"> Cache</a></li>
<li><a href="Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network"> CDN</a></li>
<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)"> Shard </a></li>
<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Database index</a></li>
<li><a href="Cache_prefetching" title="Cache prefetching"> Pre-caching</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li>
<li><a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage"> Block storage</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Observability_(software)" title="Observability (software)"> Observability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Logging_(computing)" title="Logging (computing)"> Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_metric" title="Software metric"> Metrics</a></li>
<li><a href="Tracing_(software)" title="Tracing (software)"> Tracing </a></li>
<li><a href="Failure_rate" title="Failure rate"> Error rate </a></li>
<li><a href="Queries_per_second" title="Queries per second">Queries per second </a></li>
<li><a href="Notification_system" title="Notification system">Notification system</a></li>
<li><a href="Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>
<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>
<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li></ul>
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